and pageantry, involved James in difficulties through her extravagant expenses, and was suspected of carrying on a secret correspondence with Rome P. She died March 1, 1619, and was buried at Westminster, May 13.

Their children were,

Henry, born Feb. 19, 1593, to whom Queen Elizabeth was godmother. He was created prince of Wales, and made a knight in 1610, on which occasion a feudal aid was demanded, and reluctantly paid, though the young prince was himself popular, being looked on as likely to prove an enterprising king. He died, greatly regretted, Nov. 6, 1612.

CHARLES became king.

Elizabeth, born Aug. 19, 1596, was married in 1612 to the Elector Palatine; she became for a short time queen of Bohemia, and, after a life of great vicissitudes, died in London, Feb. 13, 1662. The princes Rupert and Maurice, who bore so conspicuous a part in the civil wars, were her sons; and her daughter Sophia was the mother of the first king of the House of Brunswick, George I.

Robert and Mary died young.

A material alteration in the royal arms marked the

impeached, and, though screened from parliamentary vengeance by his master, fell a victim to assassination, Aug. 23, 1628. He had married the daughter of the earl of Rutland, a rich heiress, and he left two sons, one killed in the civil war, and the other the profligate minister of Charles II., condemned to an odious immortality as the Zimri of Dryden.

She is said to have received large sums from the Romish nobility and gentry, to procure them relief from the various penal laws, in consequence of which their enactments were, in general, only enforced against the poor recusants, with whom the prisons were crowded.

reign of this king. France and England appear in the first and fourth quarters; Scotland in the second; Ireland in the third; all within the garter, and crowned. The Scottish unicorn became the sinister supporter, Elizabeth's motto was soon replaced by "BEATI PACIFICI;" and the thistle, sometimes dimidiated with the rose, appeared in addition to her royal badges.

In judging of the character of James, it is necessary to make ample allowance for the unfavourable circumstances under which he grew up. His poverty rendered him a mere tool in the hands of the English ministers, and he was obliged to submit to many mortifications at the hands of his native subjects, which gave him a fixed dislike to Presbyterianism. When he came to England, the clergy of the Church offered, by their deferential compliance with his wishes, and. their expressed admiration of his learning, a gratifying contrast to the stern, if not rude manners of the Scots; he resolved at once to identify himself with episcopacy, and was easily persuaded that its enemies were also enemies to monarchy. Events have proved that this conclusion was perfectly just, but James did not possess the firmness to curb his parliaments as his predecessor had done, and his imprudent measures only prepared the way for the ruin of his successor.

James had been carefully educated by the celebrated George Buchanan, and he was the author of several works, both in prose and poetry, which, though now censured as pedantic, shew him to have possessed a cultivated mind, and a style quite equal to the generality of writers of his time; he also aspired to theological learning, and founded a seminary for champions in the Romish

controversy. His amusements, however, wêre of the coarsest description: cock-fighting, bull, bear, and lionbaiting, and the more ordinary field sports occupied his time to the utter neglect of public affairs, which his ministers managed almost at their own pleasure. Though his jealous fears brought his unhappy cousin, Arabella Stuarts, to destruction, and his wish for the Spanish alliance led him to sacrifice Ralegh, he was, on principle, averse to bloodshed, and habitually merciful in his dealings with offenders; he was a patron of learningt, and

It was founded May 8, 1610, for a provost and 20 fellows, Dr. Sutcliff, dean of Exeter, being the originator of the design. The plan failed, and the buildings were never completed; after long serving as a prison they were pulled down in the time of Charles II. and the well-known Chelsea Hospital for invalided soldiers erected on the site.

Stow, in his Chronicle, records the care taken for the accommodation of the wild beasts in the Tower, and the frequent combats between them and fierce dogs in the presence of the court, in as grave a style as if he were dealing with the most important public affairs.

She was the daughter of Charles, earl of Lenox, his father's brother, and was by some lawyers considered to have a better title to the crown than the king himself. One of the objects attributed to Ralegh and others was to raise her to the throne, and she was in consequence held in a kind of honourable custody to prevent her marriage. She was, however, clandestinely united to William Seymour, Lord Beauchamp (afterwards duke of Somerset, also a descendant of Henry VII.) in 1611, attempted to escape with him to the continent, but was retaken, and died in the Tower in 1615. She was buried beside Mary, queen of Scots, and prince Henry, but without funeral pomp, "lest," says Camden, "it should seem to reflect on the king's justice."

Two eminent men of his era may be mentioned, Sir Edward Coke and Sir Francis Bacon. The first was born in Norfolk in 1554, and was a member of Trinity College, Cambridge. He became eminent as a lawyer, was Speaker of the House of Commons in 1593, and long held the office of attorney-general, in which post he shewed much acuteness, though little gratitude, in prosecuting to conviction the earl of Essex and Sir Walter Ralegh, as well as the Gunpowder Plot conspirators, whom he alike overwhelmed with the coarsest language. In 1606 Coke was made a judge, but he fell into disgrace after the trial of the murderers of Sir Thomas Overbury. He endeavoured to gain the protection of the favourite, Buckingham,

promoted the present translation of the Holy Scriptures ; and, though weak and vain, he must be considered a kindly-disposed, well-meaning man, although unfortunately a very indifferent king.

A.D. 1603. James of Scotland is proclaimed king by the council in London, March 24; messengers are dispatched to him", and he commences his journey for

but failing in this, from a vehement defender of prerogative he became conspicuous for his opposition to the measures of the court. He was in consequence imprisoned at one time, and at another made sheriff, in order to disqualify him from a seat in parliament; and on his death, which happened in the year 1634, his papers were seized, though without finding anything to justify the levy of a fine on his heir. He was the author of works which are of authority in the courts of law to the present day, but his conduct as a judge has been censured, and as a member of parliament was clearly the result of faction.

Francis Bacon was born in 1561, and was the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and nephew of Lord Burghley. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and when only sixteen was sent abroad in the suite of Sir Amias Paulet, ambassador to France. On his return he studied the law, attained in succession the offices of attorney-general, lord keeper, and lord chancellor, and was made a peer, as viscount St. Alban's. But this seeming prosperity proved his ruin; though a profound philosopher, and worthy of the highest honour for his scientific researches and writings, he was a weak, vain, ostentatious man, and involved himself in debts, to relieve which he was said to receive bribes from suitors in his court; the charge was believed, and, after a brief tenure of office, he was impeached, condemned, and sentenced to fine and imprisonment, though it does not appear that any of his judgments were reversed as unjust. Bacon descended to the most abject supplications to the king, and was soon set at liberty, his fine also being remitted. He lived in retirement for a few years, and then died rather suddenly, April 9, 1626.

Thomas Nevil, dean of Canterbury, dispatched by Archbishop Whitgift, was one of the earliest of these, and was gratified by the king's declaration of his firm intention to maintain the Church in the state his predecessors had left it. The Puritans met him on the road with what they termed the Millenary Petition, from the thousand ministers, "all groaning as under a common burden of human rites and ceremonies," who were expected to, but did not sign it. The Universities issued formal replies to its allegations, which were also discussed at the Hampton Court conferences.

England, reaching Berwick April 6, and London May 7; he is crowned, with his queen, at Westminster, July

25.

Attempts are made to re-establish the Romish worship in Ireland, but they are checked by the deputy (Lord Mountjoy).

A conspiracy to place Arabella Stuart on the throne is discovered. Sir Walter Ralegh, the lords Cobham and Grey, are seized, in July, together with several partisans. Many new peers created, as also knights of the Bath, and knights bachelor".

Sir Walter Ralegh and the other prisoners are removed early in November to Winchester, and there tried and convicted, but three only are executed".

A.D. 1604. Conferences held before the king at Hampton Court, between the archbishop of Canterbury, eight bishops, five deans, and two doctors, and Dr. Reynolds and three other of the Puritan party, Jan. 14, 15, 16. Some slight alterations in the Book of Common Prayer are agreed on, and a new version of the Holy Scriptures ordered.

Jesuits and seminary priests ordered to quit the realm before March 19, by proclamation dated Feb. 22.

V

W

The knights bachelor alone, according to Stow, amounted to "three or four hundred," a profusion in the bestowal of honours, which contrasted strangely with the conduct of the deceased queen. George Brooke, Bartholomew Brookesby, Anthony Copley, Sir Griffin Markham, and two priests, William Clarke and William Watson, were convicted, and Sir Edward Parham acquitted, Nov. 15; Sir Walter Ralegh was condemned Nov. 17; Lord Cobham, Nov. 25 Lord Grey, Nov. 26. Brooke (brother to Lord Cobham) was beheaded Dec. 5; Clarke and Watson were hanged Nov. 29; Cobham, Grey, and Markham were reprieved on the scaffold, Dec. 9. Lord Grey died in the Tower in 1616; Cobham was, after a long imprisonment, released, and died in poverty in 1619; Sir Griffin Markham, Copley, and Brookesby were banished.