lid that flew open for artillery, or generally his shop, but only work as he is bespoken, he
to chance, or any thing else, than to logic, for should be weakly customed.
the invention of arts and sciences.

Our Saviour, speaking of divine knowledge,
It was no marvel, the manner of antiquity saith, thut the kingdom of heaven is like a
being to consecrate inventors, that the Egyp- good householder, that bringeth forth both
tians had so few human idols in their temples, new and old store.
but almost all brute.

3. This subject is more fully investigated under the Who taught the raven in a drought to throw head of rhetoric. pebbles into a hollow tree, where she espied

Suggestion ..

209 water, that the water might rise so as she might come to it? Who taught the bee to sail 1. It directs the mind to certain marks, as a mode of through such a vast sea of air, and to find the exciting it to the production of acquired knowway from a field in flower, a great way off,

ledge.
to her hive ? Who taught the ant to bite every 2. Different sorts of topics : 1. General. 2. Particular.
grain of corn that she burieth in her hill, lest

General Suggestion.
it should take root and grow ?
2. The forms of induction which logic pro-

1. Its uses are to furnish arguments to dispute probapounds is defective.

208

bly : 10 minister to our judgments: to conclude To conclude upon an enumeration of par

right, and to direct our inquiries. ticulars, without instance contradictory, is no

A faculty of wise interrogating is half a conclusion, but a conjecture ; for who can as

knowledge. For as Plato saith, “Whosoever

seeketh, knoweth that which he seeketh for in sure, in many subjects upon those particulars which appear of a side, that there are not

a general notion ; else how shall he know it

when he hath found it?"
other on the contrary side which appear not?
As if Samuel should have rested upon those

Particular Suggestion.
sons of Jesse which were brought before him, 1. It is a direction of invention in every particular
and failed of David, who was absent in the

knowledge. field.

2. Ars inveniendi adolescit cum inventis. 3. Allowing some axioms to be rightly in

In going of a way, we do not only gain duced, middle propositions cannot be

that part of the way which is passed, but we inferred from them in subject of nature gain the better sight of that part of the way by syllogism.

which remaineth.
Here was their chief error ; they charged
the deceit upon the senses; which in my

Judgment............... 210 judgment, notwithstanding all their cavilla- 1. It relates to the nature of proofs and demonstrations. tions, are very sufficient to certify and report 2. Different modes of judging: 1. By induction, truth, though not always immediately, yet by

which is referred to the Novum Organum. 2. comparison, by help of instrument, and by By syllogism. producing and urging such things as are too

of Syllogism.
subtile for the sense, to some effect comprehen- 1. Syllogisms are agreeable to the mind, and have
sible by the sense, and other like assistance.

been much laboured.
But they ought to have charged the deceit upon
the weakness of the intellectual powers, and

The nature of man doth extremely covet to

have somewhai in his understanding fixed upon the manner of collecting and concluding

and immoveable, and as a rest and support of upon the reports of the senses. 4. Bacon's intention to propound the art of inventing

the mind. And therefore as Aristotle endeaarts and sciences by two modes: 1st. Experi

voureth to prove, that in all motion there is entia literata. 2d. Interpretatio naturæ.!

some point quiescent; and as he elegantly expoundeth the ancient fable of Atlas, that

stood fixed, and bare INVENTION OF SPEECH OR ARGUMENT .. 209

the heaven from fall

чр

ing, to be meant of the poles or axle-tree of 1. It is more properly memory with application than

heaven, whereupon the conversion is accominvention.

plished; so assuredly men have a desire to We do account it a chase, as well of deer in have an Atlas or axle-tree within, to keep them an enclosed park as in a forest at large.

from fluctuation. 2. Modes of producing this recollection : 1st. Prepa- 2. The art of judging by syllogism is the reduction of ration. 2d. Suggestion.

propositions to principles by an agreed middle

term. Preparation.

3. Syllogisms are direct, or ex absurdo. 1. It is the storing arguments on such things as are 4. Division of the art of judgment: 1st. The analytic frequently discussed.

art. 2. The doctrine of elenches, 2. It consists chiefly of diligence.

The Analytic Art. Aristotle, said the sophists, “ did as if one that professed the art of shoemaking should 5. It is for direction. not teach how to make a shoe, but only exhibit, 6. It sets down the true form of arguments, from which in a readiness, a number of shoes of all fash

any deviation leads to error. ions and sizes.” But yet a man might reply,

The Doctrine of Elenches..... 210 that if a shoemaker should have no shoes in 7. It is for caution to detect fallacies. 1 The Experientia Literata is contained in the Treatise De

In the more gross sorts of fallacies it hapAugmentis; and his Interpretatio Naturæ constitutes his peneth, as Seneca maketh the comparison well, Novum Organum.

as in juggling feats, which though we know

N 2

;

not how they are done, yet we know well it is

3. Sophism. not as it seemeth to be.

4. Congruity 8. Elenches are well laboured by Plato and Aristotle.

The rigour and curiosity in requiring the 9. The virtuous use of this knowledge is to redargue more severe proofs in some things, and chiefly

sophisms : the corrupt use for caption and con- the facility in contenting ourselves with the tradiction.

more remiss proofs in others, hath been The difference is good which was made be- amongst the greutest causes of delriment and tween orators and sophisters that the one is as hinderance to knowledge. the greyhound, which hath his advantage in 21. This is deficient. the race, and the other as the hare, which hath

MEMORYS..............

212 her advantage in the turn. 10. Elenches extend to divers parts of knowledge.

Retaining knowledge is by writing or memory. 11. The references touching the common adjuncts of

Writing essences is an elench. 12. Seducements that work by the strength of im- The nature of the character is referred to grammar.

The disposition of our knowledge depends upon compression are elenches....

211 13. Elenches of idols.

mon-places.
The mind of man, which I find not ob- Of common-places injuring the memory,

Because it is but a counterfeit thing in
served or inquired at all, and think good to
pluce here, as that which of all others apper-

knowledges to be forward and pregnant, extaineth most to rectify judgment: the force

cept a man be deep and full, I hold the entry whereof is such, as it doth not dazzle or snare

of common-places, to be a matter of great use

and essence in studying, as that which asthe understanding in some particulars, but doth more generally and inwardly infect and

sureth “copia" of invention, and contracteth corrupt the state thereof. For the mind of The mode of common-placing is defective.

judgment to a strength.
man is far from the nature of a clear and
equal glass, wherein the beams of things

Memory...... ... 212
should reflect according to their true incidence; It is weakly inquired.
nay, it is rather like an enchanted glass, full Precepts for memory have been exalted for ostentation,
of superstition and imposture, if it be noi de- not for use.
livered and reduced.

I make no more estimate of repeating a 14. The mind is more affected by affirmatives than

great number of names or words upon once negatives.

hearing, or the pouring forth of a number of As was well answered by Diagoras to him

verses or rhymes ex tempore, or the making of that showed him in Neptune's temple the a satirical simile of every thing, or the turngreater number of pictures of such as had es- ing of every thing to a jest, or the fulsifying caped shipwreck and had paid their vows to or contradicting of every thing by cavil, or the Neptune, saying, “ Advise now, you that think like, (whereof in the faculties of the mind it folly to invocate Neptune in tempest:” there is great "copia," and such as by device “ Yea, but,” said Diagoras, “where are they and practice may be exalted to an extreme depainted that are drowned ?".

gree of wonder,) than I do of the tricks of 15. The mind supposes a greater equality then exists.? tumblers, funambuloes, baladines; the one

The mathematicians cannot satisfy them- being the same in the mind that the other is in selves, except they reduce the motions of the

the body, matters of strangeness without celestial bodies to perfect circles, rejecting worthiness. spiral lines, and labouring to be discharged Art of memory is built upon prenotion and emblem. of eccentrics.

Prenotion is a limitation of an indefinite seeking by 16 The mind is prejudiced by the false appearances directing us to seek in a narrow compass.

imposed by every man's own individual nature Emblem reduces conceits intellectual to images senand custom"..

211

sible. (mynbot) (esanpe) If a child were continued in a grot or cave

212 under the earth until maturity of age, and came suddenly abroad, he would have strange It is the transferring our knowledge to others. and absurd imaginations. So in like manner,

Division of the subject. although our persons live in the view of hea- 1. The organ of speech. ven, yet our spirits are included in the caves

2. The method of speech.
of our own complexions and customs, which

3. The ornament of speech
minister unto us infinite errors and vain
opinions, if they be not recalled to examina-
tion.

Whatever is capable of sufficient differences and per17. The mind is misled by words.

TRADITION

TIE ORGAN OF SPEECH.

mar:

THE METHOD OF SPEECH.

Periander, being consulted with how to , Second Method. A concealed or revealed style. 214 preserve a tyranny newly usurped, bid the Third Method. Method or aphorisms. messenger attend and report what he saw him 1. Delivery by aphorisms is a test of the do; and went into his garden and topped all

knowledge of the writer. the highest flowers.

2. Methodical delivery is better to procure conHypotheses respecting the origin of words.... 213

sent than to generate action.

3. Aphorisms invite to augment knowledge. Of Grammar.

Fourth Method. Delivery by assertions with their Man still striveth to reintegrate himself in proofs or interrogations. those benedictions, from which by his fault he 4. Delivery by interrogations should be used hath been deprived; and as he hath striven

only to remove stray prejudices. against the first general curse by the invention If it be immoderately followed, is as pre. of all other arts, so hath he sought to come judicial to the proceeding of learning, as it forth of the second general curse, which was is to the proceeding of an army to go about the confusion of tongues, by the art of gram- to besiege every litīle fort or hold. For if the

whereof the use in a mother tongue is field be kept, and the sum of the enterprise small, in a foreign tongue more ; but most in pursued, those smaller things will come in of such foreign tongues as have ceased to be vul- themselves. gar longues, and are turned only to learned Fifth Method. Accommodation of delivery according tongues.

to the matter which is to be treated. The accidents of words, as measure, sound, &c. is an Sixth Method. Delivery according to the anticipation appendix to grammar.

in the minds of the hearers. There are various sorts of ciphers.

1. Those whose conceits are seated in poAs there be many of great account in their

pular opinions need only to dispute countries and provinces, which, when they

or to prove. come up to the seat of the estate, ure but of

2. Those whose conceits are beyond pomean rank and scarcely regarded; so these

pular opinions have a double labour. arts, being here placed with the principal and

1st. That they may be conceited. supreme sciences, seem petty things; yet to

2d. That they may prove. such as have chosen them to spend their la

3. Science not consonant to presupposi. bours and studies in them, they seem great

tions must bring in aid similitudes. matters.

Method considers the disposition of the work, and the limitation of propositions ....

215

It belongeth to architecture to consider not It is deficient.

only the whole frame of a work, but the seveImpatience of method.

ral beams and columns. Different sorts of methods.

Observations upon the limits of propositions. The use of grammar is small in mother tongues—is of the method of imposture. greater in foreign living tongues; but greatest

A mass of words of all arts, to give men in dead languages..

213

countenance, that those which use the terms Duties of grammar are two.

might be thought to understand the art ; 1. Popular.

which collections are much like a fripper's or 2. Philosophical.

broker's shop, that hath ends of every thing Popular grammar is for the learning and speaking lan- but nothing of worth. guages.

215 Philosophical grammar examines the power of words

as they are the footsteps of reason...... 213 1. Eloquence is in reality inferior to wisdom; but in First Method. Magistral which teaches, or initiative popular opinions superior to it. which insinuates..

214

It is said by God to Moses, when he disabled He that delivereth knowledge, desireth to de- himself for want of this fuculty, Aaron shall liver it in such form as may be best believed, be thy speaker, and thou shali be to him as and not as may be best examined; and he

God. that receiveth knowledge, desireth rather pre- 2. The deficiences in eloquence are rather in some sent satisfaction, than expectant inquiry; collections than in the art itself. and so rather not to doubt, than not to err. 3. The office of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagina

Knowledge that is delivered as a thread to tion for the better moving of the will. be spun on, ought to be delivered and inti- 4. The disturbers of reason are fallacies of arguments: mated, it were possible, in the same method assiduity of impression, and violence of paswherein it was invented ; and so is it possible sion. of knowledge induced.

5. The counteractors of these disturbers are logic, moIt is in knowledge as it is in plants ; if you rality and rhetoric. mean to use the plant, it is no matter for the 6. Speech is more conversant in adorning what is roots ; but if you mean to remove it to grow, good than in colouring evil. then it is more assured to rest upon roots than “Virtue, if she could be seen, would more slips : so the delivery of knowledges, as it is great love and affection ;" so seeing that she now used, is as of fair bodies of trees without cannot be showed to the sense by corporul shape, the roots ; good for the carpenter, but not for the next degree is to show her to the imaginathe planter. But if you will have sciences tion in lively representation. grow, it is less matter for the shaft or body of 7. The affections not being pliant to reason, rhetoric the tree, so you look well to the taking up of is necessary. the roots.

ILLUSTRATIVE OF SPEECH........

anew.

9. Deficiences of rhetoric ...

216 part or member of a greater body; whereof 1. Want of a collection of the popular signs the latter is in degree the greater and the wor

of good and evil; of the defects of thier, because it tendeth to the conservation of Aristotle's collection.

a more general form. Therefore we see the 2. Want of a collection of commonplaces. 217 iron in particular sympathy moveth to the 10. Appendices to the art of delivery.

loadstone ; but yet if it exceed a certain quan1. The art critical.

tity, it forsaketh the affection to the loadstone, 2. The art of instruction.

and like a good patriot moveth to the earth,

which is the region and country of massy The Art Critical.....

217

bodies. Rules of criticism.

5. Public is more worthy than private good.

Pompeius Magnus, when being in commisThe Art of Instruction ......... 217

sion of purveyance for a famine at Rome,

and being dissuaded with great vehemency 1. It contains that difference of tradition which is

and instance by his friends about him, that proper for youth.

he should not hazard himself to sea in an ex2. Different considerations.

tremity of weather, he said only to them, 1. The timing and seasoning of knowledges.

“ Necesse est ut eam, non ut vivam."
2. The judicious selection of difficulties and
of easy studies.

The Degrees of Good.
It is one method to practise swimming with The questions respecting the supreme good are by
bladders, and another to practise dancing with

Christianity disclosed. heavy shoes.

6. An active is to be preferred to contemplative life. 3. The application of learning according to

Pythagoras being asked what he was, anthe mind to be instructed.

swered, “That if Hiero were ever at the OlymThere is no defect in the faculties intellectual, but seemeth to have a proper cure con

pian games, he knew the manner, that some tained in some studies : as, for example, if a

came to try their fortune for the prizes, and

some came as merchants to utter their commochild be bird-witted, that is, hath not the fa

dities, and some came to make good cheer and culty of attention, the mathematics giveth a

meet their friends, and some came to look on ; remedy thereunto; for in them, if the wit be

and that he was one of them that came to look caught away but a moment, one is to begin

on.” But men must know, that in this thea4. The continuance and intermission of ex

tre of man's life it is reserved only for God

and angels to be lookers on. ercises

218

For contemplation which should be finished As the wronging or cherishing of seeds or

in itself, without casting beams upon socidy, young plants is that that is most important to their thriving: so the culture and manu- 7. The ascendency of public good terminates many

assuredly divinity knoweth it not. rance of minds in youth hath such a forcible,

disputes of the ancient philosophers..... 220 though unseen, operation, as hardly any

1. It decides the controversies between Zeno length of time or contention of labour can

and Socrates, and the Cyrenaics and countervail it afterwards.

Epicureans, whether felicity consisted

in virtue or pleasure, or serenity of 218 mind ...

220 1. Writers on this subject have described virtues with

2. It censures the philosophy of Epictetus, out pointing out the mode of attaining them.

which placed felicity in things within Those which have written seem to me to have

our power. done as if a man, that professeth to teach to

Gonsalvo said to his soldiers, showing them write, did only exhibit fair copies of alphabets and letters joined, without giving any

Naples, and protesting, “He had rather die

one foot forwards, than to have his life seprecepts or directions for the carriage of the

cured for long by one foot of retreat." hand and framing of the letters.

The conscience of good intentions, howsoThese Georgics of the mind, concerning the

ever succeeding, is a more continual joy to nahusbandry and tillage thereof, are no less

ture, than all the provision which can be made worthy than the heroical descriptions of vir

for security and repose. tue, duty, and felicity.

3. It censures the abuse of philosophy in 2. Division of moral philosophy

219

Epictetus's time, in converting it into 1. The image of good.

an occupation or profession...... 220 2. The culture of the mind.

This philosophy introduces such a health of mind, as was that of Herodicus in body,

who did nothing all his life, but intend his 1. Describes the nature of good.

health. 2. Division.

* Sustine,' and not · Abstine,' was the com1. The kinds of good.

OF THE WILL....

THE IMAGE OF GOOD.

;

PRIVATE GOOD..

221 | 3. Duties are: 1st. Common to all men. 2d. Peculiar 1. It is: Ist. Active, 2d. Passive.

to professions or particular pursuits...... 222

4. The duties common to all men has been excellently Active Private Good.

laboured. 2. Active is preferable to passive private good. 5. The duties respecting particular professions have, of Vita sine proposito languida et vaga est.

necessity, been investigated diffusedly. 3. Active private good has not an identity with the 6. A knowledge of the impostures of professions is

incident to the knowledge of professional dugood of society...

221

ties, and is deficient. Passive Private Good.

As the fable goeth of the basilisk, that if he 4. It is: 1st. Conversative. 2d. Perfective.

see you first, you die for it; but if you see

him first, he dieth : so is it with deceits and Good Perfective ..... ............ 221

evil arts; which, if they be first espied, they 5. Good perfective is of a higher nature than good

lose their life; but if they prevent, they enconversative.

danger. Man's approach or assumption to divine or

We are much beholden to Machiavel and angelical nature is the perfection of his form.

others, that write what men do, and not what 6. The imitation of perfection is the tempest of life. they ought to do. For it is not possible to

As those which are sick, and find no remedy, join serpentine wisdom with the columbine do tumble up and down and change place, as innocency, except men know exactly all the if by a remove local they could obtain a remove conditions of the serpent ; his baseness and internal; so is it with men in ambition, when, going upon his belly, his volubility and lubrifailing of the means to exalt their nature, city, his envy and sting, and the rest ; that is, they are in a perpetual estuation to exalt their all forms and natures of evil: for without place.

this, virtue lieth open and unfenced. Good Conversative...... 221

7. To this subject appertains the duties of husband

and wife, parent and child, friendship, grati7. It consists in the practice of that which is agree

tude, &c. able to our nature.

8. This knowledge concerning duties considers com8. It is the most simple, but lowest good.

parative duties. 9. Good conversative consists in the steadiness and intensity of the enjoyment.

We see in the proceeding of Lucius Brutus

against his own sons, which was so much ex10. Doubts whether felicity results most from the steadiness or intensity,

tolled; yet what was said ?

“Infelix, utcunque ferent ea fata minores." The sophist saying that Socrates's felicity was the felicity of a block or stone ; and So- Men must pursue the things which are just crates saying that the sophist's felicity was

in present, and leave the future to the Divine the felicity of one that had the itch, who did Providence. nothing but itch and scratch.

223 As we see, upon the lute or like instrument, a ground, though it be sweet and have show 1. Inquiry must be made not only of the nature of of many changes, yet breaketh not the hand virtue, but how it may be attained. to such strange and hard stops and passages,

An exhibition of the nature of good without as a set song or voluntary; much after the considering the culture of the mind, seemeth same manner was the diversity between a

to be no better than a fair image, or statue, philosophical and a civil life. And therefore

which is beautiful to contemplate, but is withmen are to imitate the wisdom of jewellers ;

out life and motion. who, if there be a grain, or a cloud, or an ice 2. Morality should be the handmaid of divinity. which may be ground forth without taking 3. We ought to cast up our account, what is in our

224

power and what not....
too much of the stone, they help it; but if it
should lessen and abate the stone too much,

The husbandman cannot command, neither they will not meddle with it: so ought men

the nature of the earth, nor the seasons of the so to procure serenity as they destroy not mag

weather ; no more can the physician the connanimity.

stitution of the patient, nor the variety of acci

dents: so in the culture and cure of the mind 222

of man, two things are without our command; 1. It is duty, and relates to a mind well framed towards points of nature, and points of fortune ; for others.

to the basis of the one, and the conditions of 2. Error in confusing this science with politics.

the other, our work is limited and tied. As in architecture the direction of framing Of Men's Natures, or Inherent Dispositions. the posts, beams, and other parts of building, 4. The foundation of the culture of the mind is the is not the same with the manner of joining

knowledge of its nature. them and erecting the building; and in me

There are minds which are proportioned to chanicals, the direction how to frame an instrument or engine is not the same with the

great matters, and others to small. manner of setting it on work and employing

There are minds proportioned to intend it, so the doctrine of conjugation of men in

many matters, and others to few. society differeth from that of their conformity

Some minds are proportioned to that which thereunto.

may be despatched at once, or within a short

return of time; others to that which begins 1 Q. Is not this the difference between the love of excelling

afar off, and is to be won with length of purand the love of excellence ?

THE CULTURE OF THE MIND......

PUBLIC GOOD ......

a