a fly press used in the mint; and a circular saw made from one disc of steel over 7 feet in diameter, with teeth of 10 inches in length. There was, however, a larger saw than this shown in another part of the building, made from steel by the old process; and either of them, turning at the rate of 500 revolutions a minute, would cut through the thickest timber as fast as a man could walk. With these massive examples were shown smaller ones, such as plates used in boilers, ships, and bridges, rising in regular gradations from 1-50th of an inch to nearly 4 inches thick. Specimens of steel were also shown, from a thickness too great for a strong man to bend down to the 250th part of an inch in diameter. Among the applications of steel wire were exhibited several specimens of cotton cards, used in the best carding engines, with steel in round, flat, and square bars of every size. Two important examples of steel ordnance were shown-one illustrating a mode of mounting guns without trunnions, the elevation being effected by a screw, and the axles of the wheels admitting of adjustment; the other a 24pounder, with trunnions forged on it out of one solid ingot of steel. Mr. Bessemer also showed samples of railway bars made of his steel, some few hundred tons of which have already been laid on various new lines for trial. Naylor and Vickers showed a peal of beautifully sounding steel bells. WORKS IN THE PRECIOUS METALS.-The workers in gold and silver have made great progress in their cunning art since the exhibition of 1851. In this age of gold, and nobler enterprise than that of gold seeking, and nobler successes than those of gold finding, it was natural to expect a large increase in costly works of art, and luxurious ministrations to the vanity which are too often showered upon individual success. But the advancement of art has not gone, pari passu, with this increment of the precious metals, and this liberal employment of those who fashion them. Art has been beaten, in common phrase, "by the weight of metal;" and though the quantity has been superabundantly increased, the quality of the workmanship has suffered in this plethora of the earth's wealth. Aluminium Articles.-Aluminium alloys well with copper, forming what is now called aluminium bronze. When alloy of this kind, containing from three to five per cent. of aluminium, is "dipped" in aquafortis, it acquires a tint so like that of gold that it is impossible to distinguish one from the other, even when seen side by side. It is susceptible of a fine polish, and may be cast, rolled, hammered, and drawn out into fine wire. The bronze usually made contains 10 per cent. of aluminium. It possesses great tenacity, but tarnishes by exposure to the air. M. Morin and Deville, in the French Department of the Exhibition, had an admirable display of aluminium, exemplifying every important quality of the metal. There were statuettes and various cast objects, including latch keys, which combined lightness with strength; there was the metal rolled into large sheets, beaten into leaves, drawn into fine wire and woven into lace, coined into medals, plated upon copper; and aluminium bronze was shown in profusion, wrought as well as unwrought. The eagles on the standards of the French army are of aluminium; and examples of these were exhibited. Leaf aluminium has lately been used for lettering in bookbinding. JEWELRY.-The large diamond, "the Star of the South," was shown in the foreign nave, as a contribution from Amsterdam, by M. E. Coster; this diamond is of immense size, weighing no less than 125 carats. It is set in the centre of a magnificent star of brilliants. A large brilliant drop, the property of Mr. Dresden, and the largest now for sale in Europe, was also exhibited; it weighed 76 carats, or 306 grains; price £50,000. Mr. Hancock exhibited, in his well-appointed display, a Diamond Necklace, the price of which was 85,000 guineas. In Mr. Hancock's case was also exhibited the Devonshire Emerald (the largest in the world), and the Devonshire Jewels, one of the rarest and most artistic collections of antique gems in existence. These were shown amid a perfect galaxy of pearls, opals, rubies, brilliants, and topazes; in this case were exhibited jewels to the value of £300,000. London and Ryder exhibited a wonderful specimen of diamond-setting, with a miniature portrait of the Queen, composed of distinct brilliants almost as fine as diamond dust, and of which more than 2,000 were required to complete the portrait. Hunt and Roskell exhibited the Nassuck and Arcot diamonds, the property of the Marquis of Westminster. The Arcot consists of three gems, a round one, 125 grains, and two drops, 223 grains; of the very finest quality and water. The Nassuck weighs 340 grains: it was bought by the late Marquis of Westminster for £7,000, and was once worn by his lordship on the hilt of his Court sword. Hunt and Roskell also showed a string of 32 remarkably fine pearls, each 39 grains, and the whole valued at £8,000. Widowson and Veale exhibited two strings of fine pearls, with two pendants, valued at £2,800. Mr. Emanuel, in an ebony and bronze trophy in the nave, exhibited some costly articles; as an emerald brooch, mounted in diamonds, valued at £10,000. Mr. Lambert's greatest novelty was some crystal intaglios engraved by Mr. Charles Cook, and afterward colored to the life; pretty objects of jewelry, either as lockets, brooches, or solitaires. In Imitative Jewelry, Mr. Emanuel exhibited some ornaments made in ivory and gold inlaid with various gems-a process which he has patented-which certainly produce a good effect; combining cheapness, softness, and a certain adaptability of color to almost any complexion or dress. In the French Court were shown some imitations made by M. Savary, including a tiara of mock diamonds and some rings and other ornaments set with paste, rubies and emeralds, exceedingly close imitations of the real, which might be worn at a party without any risk of detection. M. Vales showed some real and imitation pearls strung alternately on the same string; and so well made are the false that unless a jeweller had them in his hand and tested them by the weight and size of the bore, he would be unable to distinguish the imitation from the real. M. Topart had also four strings of pearls, two of them real and two false, which the uninitiated could not distinguish; yet one may be set down as costing about 8 francs, and the other about £800. A fine specimen of Cameo-cutting was exhibited, a head of the Emperor of the French -an admirable portrait-set in diamonds, which was bespoken by the Empress, at the price of £250. GLASS.-Stained Glass.-The display of painted windows in the Exhibition was a very large one, and the first of the kind that has been seen in this country. It was, however, fuller of promise than performance,-in the original treatment of subjects, in place of copying epochal styles and methods of execution. Household and Fancy Glass.-The manufactures of works of art in glass proved as attractive as any class of the Exhibition; the Austrian glass was good in color, and in their chandeliers was most effectively and artistically arranged; the Bohemian and Hungarian glass are special manufactures which were also admirably represented in the building; but the pure cut crystal glass, for exquisite forms, whether cut, blown, or moulded, and, above all, for the very highest effects of the engraver's art, the visitor found in the English Court. The display was really wonderful. Here were such triumphs of the engraver's art as Venice never knew; even wine-glasses fetched £6 and £7 apiece. There were lustres and chandeliers, too, of all descriptions and almost every grade of excellence-from the simple classic design of Dobson and Pearce, worth £12, up to the gorgeous crystal temple of Defries, which cost over £3000 to manufacture. First, for fine art work, both in form and marvellous perfection of engraving, was the collection shown by Dobson and Pearce. One of the great gems in this collection-an engraved glass tazza, 12 inches high, was purchased almost the first day it was shown for 250 guineas, incomparably the largest sum ever paid for a single and very small piece of modern glass work. The panels in the cup, with their fine cup designs, are as delicately marked as steel engravings and as deep as intaglios, all cut with the wheel, even to the minutest chasing of its flower scroll-work. A very small engraved Cup, not much larger than an ordinary tumbler, exquisitely engraved, was bought for 50 guineas the first hour it was seen. No piece of Venetian glass of the same size ever fetched so high a price. A claret jug sold for 50 guineas, one side of which is deeply cut with a grotesque Raffaelesque design, of surpassing excellence; the foliage scroll-work-apes, dragons, and other monsters being a perfect chapter, on the weird combinations of Raffaelesque ornament. The birds in this piece seem to have an actual plumage, so exquisitely is every feather worked out in the cutting. In a somewhat similar work, the centre ornament is a group of water-lilies floating in a lake, produced with an effect almost equal to an optical delusion. So also with fountains on another class of works they are not so much engraved as they seem to flow and ripple from the very body of the vase. Above Messrs. Dobson's collection was hung a wonderful Venetian chandelier, of their modern manufacture, which in design and drooping of festoons was equal to the rarest old Venice types, only much more brilliant in its metal. In this collection were also shown the cheapest, simplest, and most beautiful designs of Mr. Marsh, of the Lord Chamberlain's office, for table decoration, which took the first prize at the Horticultural Society's fête last year. Messrs. Phillips exhibited in the form of a Crystal Table, the most brilliant piece of cut glass in the building. Behind it was placed a kind of épergne, or centre-piece for fruit and flowers, representing a pool with weeds and bulrushes in glass, and surrounded with nautilus-shells at the base, which altogether made up the most original and effective piece of this class in the display. Both these were manufactured by Messrs. Webb, of Stourbridge. Messrs. Pellatt's engraved glass also attracted such admiration that the firm received orders to make large dessert services of the same kind for the Prince of Wales and the Viceroy of Egypt: each service is to be so elaborate in design that many months will be required to complete them. The same firm showed cups, tumblers, and jugs of the most beautiful forms, covered with a perfect embroidery of exquisitely engraved designs: their copies of the Koh-i-noor in crystal glass, cut in the form in which this great diamond was first exhibited in 1851, were infinitely more brilliant than the renowned gem on its first début. But in the general average of his exhibi tion of Cut Glass, Alderman Copeland had no superior. The jewelled dessert service of the brightest crystal, was a signal triumph of manufacturing skill: each piece has a lustre of its own that is brilliant beyond description. One of the newest and most effective objects in Decorative Glass was shown by Powell and Co. These were vases of double glass, the outer one of pure flint, the inner colored to resemble dark serpentine marble. Between the two are placed lightly printed photographs of statues, designs, flowers, &c., which show out as if finely engraved upon the marble: and these artistic effects are produced at the lowest possible cost. Naylor exhibited some exquisite chaliceshaped cups, on which were engraved copies of the celebrated picture of the "Last Supper," equal to anything shown in the whole class. One of the eight Prismatic Mirrors, which Messrs. Defries made for the late Sultan's new palace on the Bosphorus, was exhibited. This mirror is 15 feet high and 8 feet broad, and contains 1000 prisms. All the prisms join each other at the sides, so as to form one piece, and at the ends are dovelocked together and held into their place by a peculiar arrangement of copper rods. The weight of pure crystal is one ton, and the metal back one ton more. POTTERY.-The largest work of this class in the building was the Majolica Fountain, placed under the eastern dome. In its variety of form and color it harmonizes with the internal arrangement and decoration of the building: it was designed and modelled by Mr. John Thomas, the sculptor, and executed under his superintendence for the display of Minton's modern majolica. The design, while very elegant and symmetrical as a whole, has that bold distribution of parts which is essential in a fountain to be in keeping with the wild play of water, especially in the open air. The mass of the fountain is in stone; the figures and ornaments, which are for the most part emblematical, being added in majolica. This is the finest work of the kind ever executed in this country, and proves that majolica may be made a most important department of industrial and decorative art. The Wedgwood Collection, exhibited by the descendants of Josiah Wedgwood, nobly represented his famous ware in Etruscan vases, Nevers blue vases, and classic forms, painted with pastoral and other subjects. A costly dessert-service, manufactured for Her Majesty at the Royal Porcelain Works, Worcester, by W. H. Kerr and Co., is unique in its application of color to enamels, enamel decoration to a service, and the general treatment of the design; its cost and difficulty of production being immensely increased by no device being repeated: while each plate contains five subjects, and for the plates alone upward of four hundred designs were made. At the head of the French collection stood the magnificent manufactures of Sèvres. Here it was at once shown that the character of Sèvres is changed. It produces little of the old sort. Its royal blue is nearly as good as of yore; but its turquoise blue is dull, its Rose de Barry is very far from the mark, and its gilding wants lustre. Instead of these, however, we were presented with many other hues. Here were vases and cups of every form, and of many tints. Perhaps the most interesting part of the collection was a small case containing three or four dozen cups; every cup almost was different-not merely in pattern, but in more essential qualities. There was not one which had not called forth the highest skill of the French artist, and would not fetch a fabulous price. The production of a sort of a sea-green ware-they call it "céladon," and a variety of it "céladon changeant"-which first appeared in the Paris Exhibition in 1855, may be regarded as the leading feature of the Sèvres display: The color is characteristic of modern Sèvres in this respect, that it is of a low tone. The primary colors are for the most part eschewed; so also the secondary ones; and those which are sought are the tertiary and still more complex combinations. What is here called céladon is most feebly translated in the epithet seagreen. It is a gray, dull seagreen of many shades, more or less allied to some old oriental ware, which it is more easy to recognise than to describe. This céladon is a body-color, it pervades the paste, and on it the French artists have succeeded in pencilling with a similar but white paste various designs, chiefly leaves and flowers, which stand out in gentle relief upon the vase or cup, white upon the céladon ground. The effect is very beautiful, especially in a variety of the céladon which is called changeant, because of the singular ease with which it reflects local color. By gas-light this céladon looks pink. A small case bearing the name of Avisseau, of Tours, contained two pieces in imitation of Palissy ware-one a dish with a pike and other fish on it, the other a plateau, on which a heron is contending with a snake. It was extraordinary work. The glancing light on the skin of the pike and the eel in the one case, and of the snake in the other, was quite marvellous. In drawing, in action, in color, everything was perfect. Substances used in Manufactures.-This class included not only raw materials, or substances, but the manufactures themselves. It was very miscellaneous, and presented comparatively few striking novelties. THE BRITISH COLONIES.-Jamaica.-There was an abundant display of specimens of the products of this colony, such as sugar, rum, indigo, cotton, Indian corn, rice, bread-fruit, and bananas. First were not less than 144 specimens of rum of the highest proof, in bottles; of all shades, from the pale pine apple color to the dark purple of port wine. Near the rums was a fine collection of the liqueurs and choice wines of the island, most exquisite in flavor, such as the pimento, the orange, the jamboline -a delicious liqueur; and the delicious Santa wine. The vegetable oils of the country were represented by forty-eight specimens, some of great value in the arts, manufactures, and medicine. There was the wonderful croton oil, the sand box oil, and an oil called the "French physic nut," wich is not so well known as its merits deserve; for a dozen drops will be as efficacious as an ounce of castor-oil, and its effects may be neutralized by a glass of white wine. In a glass case was shown a dry branch of a shrub, the "burwood," a specific against cholera. Trinidad.-The produce sent from this island consisted of specimens of its minerals; asphalte, from the famous "Pitch Lake;" glance, tertiary coal, and lignite; the latter, it is said, will bear comparison with the best lignites from any other part of the world. The food substances included rice, ground nuts, seramum, cocoas, coffee, nutmegs, Brazil nuts, flower of bread fruit, plantains, yams, tania, sweet potatoes, curl-curl, bitter and sweet Canada arrowroots, cloves, and black pepper. There were also vegetable oils and ivory, skins of sharks, sponges, seeds, &c. ; textile materials, wild and cultivated cottons; cork, and fibres of wild cane; native woods, plain and ornamental calabashes, fancy baskets, Indian wickerwork, &c. The mineral wealth of the island was represented by fine specimens of copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, ironstones, barytes, arragonite, iron pyrites, sands, clays, and other matters. The productions of British Dominica, and of British Guiana, had much in common with those shown from Jamaica. Natal.-Sugar, in particular, within the last ten years has become one of the staple products of the country. Twelve years ago a sample manufactured from Natal canes was handed about the colony as a curiosity; but within the last two years 2,000 tons, exceeding £50,000 in value, have been exported. Natal is trying her hand at producing cotton, and some specimens were shown of fair quality. The greatest ingenuity is shown in their musical instruments. The Caffre lyre is a bent bow strung with twisted hair, which beaten with a stick will give out some four or five distinct tones; while the Macabere piano, which is a series of strips of wood, each backed by a sounding chamber formed of the rind of some dried and hardened fruit, has one or two notes very nearly approaching to the music of a cracked bell. St. Helena, and one or two other African settlements, sent small contributions. The Bahamas offered cotton, the pine apple fibre, the palmetto, the banana, and other plants containing fibres useful for the manufacturer; sponges and liquorice berries, and shell work, of various kinds. Ceylon sent a fine collection of produce, natural and artificial. There were bows and arrows, and peacock's feather fans; rude ploughs and yokes; carved cocoa nut shells; native lace and gold embroidery, and musical instruments; and more especially interesting was a Davenport carved in ebony, in the English style, by a pupil in one of the industrial schools recently established in the island by the local government. Mauritius sent some fine specimens of sugar, fruits, and vegetable substances. Hong-Kong showed some choice examples of Chinese industry, in silk, rich velvets, silk and gold embroidered carpets; china and enamels; and articles of raw produce. Malta came out very strong in her three great specialities, lace, silver filigree, and stonework. The beautiful black lace is made principally by women in the small island of Gozo. In the patterns there is scarcely any departure from ancient ideas-though the schools of design which have been established in Malta are beginning to tell both on this and other branches of manufactures-but the workmanship is so excellent that for wear the lace is unsurpassable. One of its distinguishing and most valuable characteristics is that it is impossible to crease it. The black lace is all of silk, obtained from Naples. There were also very beautiful specimens of white thread lace, mostly made in the charitable institutions of the island. In the silver filigree work, the delicate tracery is executed with quite as fine a finish as the best samples of the Genoese ware. The chief articles which the Ionian Islands offered to commercial enterprise were their wines. The islands produce cotton in considerable quantities. India. The products of the soil were oilseeds, oils, gums, resins, medicinal substances, fibres, timbers, and tea. Rich samples of raw, manufactured, and dyed silks, were forwarded; while most of the contributing places furnished specimens of mixed silks and cotton fabrics. The embroideries generally on velvet, silk, leather, and cloth, were excellent both in design and execution. In works of art or skill, were the elaborate carvings in black wood, sandal wood, and ivory; and in a material termed "Ratanglee," from Malabar; inlaid ivory, and enamelling in the precious metals. There were samples of cutlery, jewellery, lac ware, &c., from Bombay and Scinde; and of mineral products and works in stone, &c.; alum, saltpetre, subcarbonate of soda, from Scinde; indigo from Jacobabad; sulphur, lead, copper ores, and galena, from Beloochistan; agates and carnelians from the Ruttinpoor mines in Rewa Kanta. The collection from Madras under the head of raw products, included timbers, oils, seeds, gums, dyes, &c. The rich feather ornaments from Kurnool and Vizagapatam, the large straw mattings from Pulghaut and North Arcot, the writing paper from Madras and Salem, and the carvings and constructions in ivory, sandal wood, buffalo horn, and porcupine quills, were attractive. Hydrabad and Burmah contributed specimens of lac ware. The fine arts in Madras were represented by a collection of engravings, photographs, and drawings. Some miniatures on ivory especially illustrated the delicacy of finish, minute detail, and brilliancy of color, ever remarkable in native drawings. The most remarkable portion of the Canadian display was that of her timber, of which there was a gigantic trophy in the north transept. It was three stories or stages in height. Some of the logs of which this trophy was formed were of enormous dimensions. On one side was a log of black walnut five yards in circumference; it was cut from a tree 120 feet high, the first limb being 70 feet from the ground, and 350 years old. On the opposite side wasa large block of white oak, more than four yards in girth, and 380 years old. The collection of woods of Lower Canada comprised the linden, the maples of various kinds, but especially the bird's eye maple; the moose wood, and the curled maple; the dogwood, the willow, and the birch. In commercial value the most notable were the thirteen varieties of coniferæ, including pine, spruce, and cedar, the oaks and beeches, the hickory and the maples. These woods were, however, surpassed by those of Upper Canada, the most remarkable being the white oak, a plank of which is four feet wide; the black walnut, a beautiful wood for cabinet furniture; the sugar and soft maples, from three to four feet in width; and the pine, one plank of which is, we are told," 12 feet long (it could have been cut 50 feet long) and 50 inches wide, without a knot, sawn from a tree 22 feet in circumference, and 120 feet to the first limb. There were also shown earths and ores for paints; stones adapted for lithographers; mineral manures, as gypsum, phosphate of lime, shell marl, &c.; trap rock for grinding stones; talcose slate for whetstones, flagstones, and marbles. New Brunswick.-Among the minerals were specimens of the Albert coal, black and glittering as jet, which will burn like a candle; and from which Albertine oil is distilled in large quantities. The mine is worked extensively by a company in New Brunswick, who have sunk one shaft to the depth of 750 feet, and are now sinking another, which it is expected will be continued to the enormous depth of 1,500 feet. One ton produces from 16,000 to 18,000 cubic feet of gas, or about eighty gallons of Albertine or paraffine oil. Some specimens of shale found a short distance from these works yield about sixty gallons of oil to the ton. Vancouver's Island.-A spar of Douglas fir, of which specimens were exhibited, was brought from the island; it is 220 feet long, and now reared as a flagstaff in the Horticultural Society's Gardens. Prince Edward's Island.-From this smallest of the group of North American colonies were sent a mowing machine; a variety of agricultural implements and products; and an ingenious running block, promises to create a revolution in ship's rigging. Nova Scotia. The zoological specimens of this colony were prominent in the collection: a moose deer, grouse and partridges, ducks and waterfowl; fish, obtained in such large quantities in the neighboring waters; mackerel, salmon, pollock, haddock, hake, and cod; alewife and Digby chicken fish. THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES.-Of the almost unlimited natural wealth of the colonies of Great Britain, displayed in the Exhibition, Australia attracted the most attention; as well from the unprecedented rapidity with which her resources have been developed, as from the fine quality of some of the objects displayed. New South Wales, the parent colony of the Australian group, takes the lead in pastoral industry. The colony owes its prominence in the production of wools to the enterprise of Capt. Macarthur, of Camden, who, noting the effect of the natural grasses on the fleeces of ordinary sheep, imported at his own expense three rams and five ewes of pure Spanish breed, with which he crossed all coarse-wooled sheep. The result of this patriotic enterprise was that in 1860 the export of wool from Sydney was 12,809,362 lbs., and its estimated value £1,123,699. The samples of wools, fleece and scoured, were of admirable quality; and there were two or three fine Merino fleeces, one of which, the produce of an imported French merino lamb, weighed 7 lbs. Mr. Ledger exhibited a beautiful sample of wool from the Alpacas, which he introduced into the colony from Peru with great success; the natural grasses suit them admirably, and Mr. Ledger is said to be confident that they will attain to maturity at an earlier age than in South America, with a larger form and a heavier fleece. In a large case were shown seven stuffed specimens-a pure lama, a pure alpaca, and five crosses between them. The finest cotton exhibited in the building was to be found in the New South Wales Court, and some of the samples have been priced as high as 4s. per lb. ; a sample which attracted much attention was grown 50 miles from the seacoast, in south latitude 33°. In cereals, too, the colony took a high rank. The best sample was grown at Bathurst, and the three samples of white wheat, which run from 64 lb. to 68 lb. per bushel, grown at Camden park, were much admired. As a flour making wheat it is said to be of first rate quality. Maize seems to be a crop with which the soil and climate of New South Wales agree capitally, and some splendid cobs, both for size and close packing, of the grain were shown here. A sample of a most productive kind yields as much as 100 bushels to the acre; the large pure yellow sorts weigh 65 lbs. to the bushel, and the smaller yellow 66 lbs. There were numerous specimens of the products of the vines of New South Wales, including all the varieties grown there-Hungarian light wines, tokay-to which the muscat has a great affinity-Hermitage, Madeira, Bordeaux, and Burgundy. Since the Paris exhibition, when |