WINSTON'S CUMULATIVE LOOSE-LEAF ENCYCLOPEDIA A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE WORK EDITOR-IN-CHIEF THOMAS E. FINEGAN, M.A., PD.D., LITT.D., LL.D. Formerly Superintendent of Public Instruction Commonwealth of Pennsylvania In Ten Volumes ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS, DRAWINGS AND THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA TORONTO KEY TO PRONUNCIATION Three methods are used to indicate the pronunciation of the words forming the headings of the separate articles: (1) By dividing the word into syllables, and indicating the syllable or syllables to be accented. This method is followed where the pronunciation is entirely obvious. Where accent marks are omitted, the omission indicates that all syllables are given substantially the same value. (2) Where the pronunciation differs from the spelling, the word is re-spelled phonetically, in addition to the accentuation. (3) Where the sound values of the vowels are not sufficiently indicated merely by an attempt at phonetic spelling, the following system of diacritical marks is additionally employed to approximate the proper sounds as closely as may be done: The consonants, b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, sh, t, v, and z, when printed in Roman type, are always given their common English values in the transliteration of foreign words. The letter c is indicated by s or k, as the case may be. For the remaining consonant sounds the following symbols are employed: |