...altogether independent of the Struggle for Existence ; but in so far as it chiefly acts in the reduction of food, it brings on the most severe struggle between the individuals, whether of the same or different species, which subsist on the same kind of fare. Even when climate, extreme cold for example,...

...when we remember that ten per cent, is an extraordinarily severe mortality from epidemics with men. The action of climate seems at first sight to be quite...struggle between the individuals, whether of the same or distinct species, which subsist on the same kind of food " (P- 54). When a species, owing to highly...

...species, and periodical seasons of extreme cold or drought seem to be the most effective of all checks." "The action of climate seems at first sight to be...struggle for existence ; but in so far as climate acts in reducing food, it brings on the most severe struggle between the individuals, whether of the...

...estimated ( chiefly Trom~ tHe greatly reduced numbers of nests in the spring) that the winter of 1854-5 destroyed fourfifths of the birds in my own grounds...cold, acts directly, it will be the least vigorous individuals, or those which have got least food through the advancing winter, which will suffer most....

...effective of all checks. I estimated (chiefly from the greatly reduced numbers of nests in the spring) that the winter of 1854-55 destroyed four-fifths of...cold, acts directly, it will be the least vigorous individuals, or those which have got least food through the advancing winter, which will suffer most....

...leading exponents of the doctrine of natural selection. To quote Mr. Darwin's own words on this point: The action of climate seems at first sight to be quite...for existence ; but, in so far as climate chiefly act:; in reducing food, it brings on the most severe struggle between the individuals, whether of the...

...leading exponents of the doctrine of natural selectfcm. To quote Mr. Darwin's own words on this point : The action of climate seems at first sight to be quite independent of the struggle for existence; hut, in so far as climate chiefly nets in redwing food, it brings on the most severe struggle between...

...the word competition in these passages. Later, however (p. 84), he does use the word in this context. The action of climate seems at first sight to be quite...distinct species, which subsist on the same kind of food. . . . Each species, even where it most abounds, is constantly suffering enormous destruction at some...

...less game than at present, although hundreds of thousands of game animals are now annually killed. 197 On the other hand, in some cases, as with the elephant...kind of food. Even when climate, for instance extreme CHAP. III. CHECKS TO INCREASE. 69 cold, acts directly, it will be the least vigorous, or those which...

...environmental factors, such as seasonal variation and the proximity of competitors within the region: "The action of climate seems at first sight to be...distinct species, which subsist on the same kind of food" (96). Reproduction enters the picture as a ratio of population 1ncrease, which puts added pressure...