Competition

1 Studying Competition.- 1.1 The Importance of Competition.- 1.2 Stress, Strain and the Costs of Competition.- 1.3 Other Views on the Definition of Competition.- 1.4 Kinds of Competition.- 1.5 Historical Foundations: The First Competition Experiment.- 1.6 Competitive Dominance.- 1.7 Competition and the Organization of Living Systems.- 1.8 Competition and Human Societies.- 1.9 Conclusion.- 2 Resources.- 2.1 Kinds of Resources.- 2.2 Resources for Primary Producers.- 2.3 Resources for Consumers.- 2.4 Experimental Studies of Foraging for Resources in Patchy Environments.- 2.5 Effects of Chronic Scarcity of Resources.- 2.6 Resource Levels Change with Time.- 2.7 Humans and Resources.- 2.8 Conclusion.- 3 Competition in Action.- 3.1 Case Studies of Intraspecific Competition.- 3.2 Case Studies of Interspecific Competition.- 3.3 Literature Review of Case Studies.- 3.4 The Current Situation.- 4 Choosing the Tools.- 4.1 Descriptive, Comparative and Experimental Studies.- 4.2 Descriptive Studies.- 4.3 Comparative Studies.- 4.4 Experimental Studies.- 4.5 Choosing a Research Path.- 5 Competitive Hierarchies.- 5.1 Patterns in Community Matrices.- 5.2 Eight Examples of Communities with Competitive Hierarchies.- 5.3 On the Consistency of Hierarchies.- 5.4 Monocultures and Mechanisms.- 5.5 Intra-and Intergroup Competition Among Humans.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 6 Traits and Competitive Performance.- 6.1 Relative Abundance Patterns.- 6.2 Ants.- 6.3 Plants.- 6.4 Amphibians.- 6.5 Apes.- 6.6 The Problem of Co-existence and Competitive Similarity.- 6.7 Conclusion: A Place for Everything.- 7 Competition Gradients.- 7.1 The Search for Gradients of Competition Intensity.- 7.2 Experimental Gradients.- 7.3 The Universal Constant of Competition.- 7.4 On Discrepancies and Reconciliations.- 7.5 Competition and Succession.- 7.6 Conclusion.- 8 Extending the Generality of Field Experiments.- 8.1 Criticisms Regarding Lack of Generality.- 8.2 Demonstrating Generality of Pattern.- 8.3 Using Increased Numbers of Species.- 8.4 Providing a Comparative Context.- 8.5 Using General Experimental Factors.- 8.6 Arrangement Along Gradients.- 8.7 Practical Trade-offs.- 8.8 A Large Scale Competition Experiment.- 8.9 Conclusion.- 9 Modelling Competition.- 9.1 Kinds of Models.- 9.2 The Lokta-Volterra Models.- 9.3 The MacArthur Model for Resource Subdivision.- 9.4 Loop Analysis and Apparent Competition.- 9.5 Competition Along Gradients.- 9.6 A Resource Competition Model.- 9.7 A Biomechanical Model.- 9.8 A Spatial Model.- 9.9 A Model of Behaviour and Habitat Use.- 9.10 Competitive Neighbourhood Models.- 9.11 Competition in Forests: The JABOWA and FORET Models.- 9.12 The Lateral Pressure Model for Global Conflict.- 9.13 The Richardson Arms Race Model.- 9.14 Two Graphical Models for Resource Partitioning.- 9.15 Obstacles to Testing Models.- 9.16 Conclusion.- 10 Competition, Pragmatism and Comparison.- 10.1 A Pragmatic Approach to Competition.- 10.2 The Search for General Patterns in Astronomy.- 10.3 Comparisons Among Habitats.- 10.4 Constraints on Competition in Plant Communities.- 10.5 Constraints on Competition in Animal Communities.- 10.6 Comparisons Among Organisms.- 10.7 Making Theories Operational for Hypothesis Testing.- 10.8 Experimental Stress and Disturbance Gradients.- 10.9 Meta-analysis in Competition Studies.- 10.10 Three Kinds of Community Structure (Resource Partitioning Revisited).- 10.11 Competition, Resources and Tyranny.- 11 Goals and Obstacles in the Study of Competition.- 11.1 Setting Goals.- 11.2 Brains and Their Limitations.- 11.3 Choosing a Question.- 11.4 Choosing Appropriate Model Systems.- 11.5 Selecting a Conceptual Approach.- 11.6 Obstacles to Communication.- 11.7 Conclusion.- References.