ADVERTISEMENT. In publishing the two concluding volumes of this work, the author wishes to remove an impression which appears to have prevailed in some quarters, that it was designed to supersede the study of the continental historians. So far from this being the case, its more humble aim is to serve as an introduction to such a study; and it is with this view that reference has been constantly made to the best sources, whence more ample and satisfactory information might be derived. It was also hoped that the book might convey, to such readers as have not time or inclination for deeper studies, a tolerable idea of the chief events of continental history; as well as prove a handy-book of reference to refresh the memory even of the more erudite; for which purpose a copious Index has been subjoined to the last volume. It was further imagined that the work might afford some notion, however imperfect, of the general connection of the events of European history, which cannot commonly be gained from the histories of particular States. With these few words of explanation as to the objects of his work, the author respectfully submits it to the candour of his critics, and to public trial and use. Nobody can be more sensible than himself of the numerous faults and imperfections which it must necessarily contain ; in palliation of which the best plea he can offer is the vast extent and enormous difficulty of the subject. London: October 1864. The Fronde.- War between France and Spain.-Between England and Holland.-Policy of Cromwell.- Affairs of the Empire.— Treaty of the 1654. Condé and Turenne in the 1652. Rupture between England and the Dutch. Cromwell's policy by Turenne Mazarine again retires Condé enters the service of Spain 1653. Mazarine returns Commonwealth in England Success of the Spaniards . 13 14 15 16 27 Affairs of Sweden, Russia, and Poland.-Frederick William the Great Elector.-Wars of Charles X.-Treaties of Oliva, Copenhagen, and 1644. Christina Queen of Sweden 36 1656. Alliance between Charles and 1649. Names Charles Gustavus to 37 1657. Frederick III.of Denmark de- 40 1657. Frederick William becomes The Cossacks of the Ukraine 42 1655. The Swedes invade Poland 44 1658. Charles X. crosses the Belt Concludes an Alliance with He renews the War with Charles X. reduces Prussia 48 Frederick III.'s brave De- 1656. Confederacy of Tyrcowicz 50 1659. England and Holland inter- and the Czar First Convention of the Hague Treaty of Labiau between Treaties of Oliva and Copen- vene Affairs of Portugal.- Question of the Spanish Succession, and Wars arising out of it.-— The Triple Alliance and Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.—Louis XIV.'s War with the Dutch.—Coalition against him.—Peace of Nimeguen 1656. Death of John IV. of Portu. Marriage of Charles II. and 1666. Louis declares War against 1667. The Dutch at Sheerness 74 Character of Louis XIV. 69 Louis invades the Nether- 70 96 1669. Charles II. courts Louis 1672. The Elector of Brandenburg France and England declare War against Holland 1672. Massacre of the De Witts 1673. Treaty of Vossem Coalition against Louis 1674. Peace between England and The French in the Palatinate 1678. Charles II. allies himself with War between Austria and Turkey.-- Holy League.-Affairs of Hungary and Poland.—Revolutions in Denmark and Sweden.- Wars of the Swedes, Prussians, and Danes (pp. 104—129). 1658. Mahomet IV. interferes in 1702. Peace between Russia and the 1663. Achmet Kôprili invades that 1692. Hanover made an Electorate 117 105 Retrospect of Scandinavian 107 1660. The Danish Crown made here- 1678. Revolt of the Hungarians ditary 119 1683. Mahomet IV. besieges Vienna Regia 120 Oligarchical Government in 1684. Holy League against the Turks 110 Affairs of Brandenburg 121 1685. Hungary reduced by the Aus- 1675. The Swedes invade that coun- 1687. The Hungarian Crown made Conquests of the Venetians coerces the Duke of Hol- favour of Solyman II. 113 1677. Naval Victories of the Danes 125 1690. Successes of the Turks 114 1679. Frederick William defeats the 1691. Solyman II. succeeded by 1695. Achmet succeeded by Mus- 1697. Augustus the Strong of Saxony 1680. The Swedish Crown made ab- mands the Imperial Army Sweden and Christian V. of |
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